Romantic novel extract

He starred at her intently.  He was intrigued by the way his eyes were locked onto hers, as if nobody else was around. Oblivious to the que he was creating, the summons of the cashier wasn't quite as appealing to her unspoken delight. Thinking heart before head he walked over to her with every intension for a conversation but his entire thought capacity had disappeared. Edging closer their gazes clocked, she was the first to speak any words.

"Hi you"

All the memories came flooding back, all the days they spent together, the time , the money was worth it in his eyes. The white band across her finger still symbolises the bond they once had.

"How have you been?" She said delicately

He was finding it difficult to find his words, but managed to mumble out a simple
"Good"

The sound of his voice made a sudden flutter of her heart. There was no need for any other words, just the presence of each other brought a warm, comfortable  recognisable feel.

They spent the day together, as if it was the first time again. This time was different, it was as if all the petty dislikes and annoyances were not important anymore. Walking until the sun set he walked her home like he used to. From behind the silhouette of what looked like an expensive car obviously owned by a stereotypical handsome chiseled business man, a deep voice strained
"Give me a hand, honey"

Gender Theories

Dominance theory 
This theory suggests that in mixed gender conversations. Zimmerman & West recorded conversations and found that men interrupt the conversation more than women. From this they concluded that because men interrupt more or attempt to do so this shows that the men are either more dominating or trying to do so.

Semantic non-equivilences
These are pairs of terms which are differentiated by gender that have gained certain status' and value that could place one gender superior to the other e.g.
Queen-King
Actor-Actress
Lady-Lord

Difference theory 
Deborah Tannen suggests that male and female use language in six contrasts
Status/support---men seek to dominate,women attempt to gain confirmation
Independence/intimacy---women try to be close and support one another, men focus more on independence and their status
Advice/understanding--- men try to take action again possibly dominating, women want understanding of how they feel and think
Information/feeling---men get straight to the point with the valuable information in as little as possible time, women tend to fill the air time with unnecessary chat
Order/proposal---women may suggest or do indirect hints at something, men are commanding or are direct and straight to the point
Conflict/compromise---men can often resist arguing or saying their view, women may resist conflict but complain subsequently to avoid confrontation

Influential power
This is the power used to persuade and influence others.
An example of this is in a group of friends all about the same age -

A:go on
B:please try that flavour, it's really nice
A:yes, do it
C:hmm maybe

Here participant A and B have the influential power as they are trying to convince C to try something that we assume they both have. In this quote we can analyse the use of imperatives such as "go" and "do it" to show their use of commands to try and persuade the other person to try the flavour.
We can also use the mitigated imperative "please try" to show the politeness strategy possibly to show the strength of their friendship so that person C might trust them enough to do what they are trying to achieve. Next we could also comment on " it's really nice" said by A this is used as a reassurance to back up what person B said so that C would feel more confident in what they are saying .

language and power

Plan

barrister - influencial power as the judge would have the instumental power to cause any action to Mr P who is being charged
wareing polictical power
faircloughs unequal encounters

 over lap ..

 "whether they came to see you 'or not?'"
                                                   "'I don't' think they did no"


"that didnt cross your mind 'at all?'"
                                              'no'

possibly a fta as it could mean the barrister is loosing the face needs to vbe respected and liked as the over lap show a lack of respect in turn taking to talk

same quote possibly flouting grices's maxim of quality as he has denied the statement said but doesnt not give any evidence that could prove his point for denying it and is bery  vauge....

In this text the barrister is questioning a witness (Mr N) about his involvement with the man on trial (Mr P). The barrister has both instrumental and influential power, this is because he is in a much higher political position than Mr N and has the power to control the subject topic this is also why Fairclough’s unequal encounters is involved in this text. He also has influential power where he has the ability to influence Mr N’s answers because he can control what he asks the witness so he would state the answers that he could possibly want. As well as this Wareings political power is used in this because the barrister is a lawyer and has the ability to influence and argue the case of Mr P to the judge for this case.

In this text Mr N overlaps the barrister on two different occasions, such as: “whether they came to see you [or not]”

             “[I don’t] think they did no” This might be considered a face threatening act as the barrister is losing the face to be liked and respected, as the witness of a lower power is interrupting the barristers question and is not taking turns to speak. This might be because the witness is becoming impatient with the trial as the barrister is continuingly asking him questions possibly to try and make the witness make a mistake in his answer as he is Mr P’s lawyer. He could be doing this to take the pressure and attention of off Mr P by trying to make the witness look bad. Another possibility is that Mr N overlaps because he is eager to respond to the question being asked and already knows what he is going to say so he jumps in with his response without letting the higher power finish talking.

The witness Mr N could be flouting Grice's maxim of quality. This is shown when the barrister asks "that didn't cross your mind at all?" And the witness replies simply "no" the lack of detail and quality of information in the answer shows he could be possibly hiding something or maybe even trying to avoid giving any details that could make him look undermined.

(BEING EDITED)

Grouping texts

1-apple advert

2-instructions

3-sport advert

4-transcript

5-leaflet info advert

6-tablets package

Group 1- imperative……………………12456

Group 2-orthography………………….  56

Group 3-purpose – persuade……….135     

Strong weak inclusions **/ sub groups

Texts 1,2,4,5 and 6 share the common feature of an imperative to engage their specific audiences to the text information. Text 1 is a poster advertising the apple brand, it states “Think different.” This simple snappy catchphrase uses the imperative “Think” to involve the audience and command them to possibly try out something new, preferably their own products. Text 2 is a set of instructions to use safety equipment such as earmuffs and safety goggles. The instructions tells the reader to “Hold…Pull…Press” these are a very effective way to obtain the readers attention so they follow the instructions carefully as they are strong commanding words and if they are not followed very carefully the users safety could be at risk. Text 4 is a phone call transcript between two teenage friends. This is a weak inclusion because a mitigated imperative is used. Person A asks, “Please give me that” to person B. This is not as strong as the original imperative “give” as it has been cloaked with the word “please” this gives the command a polite tone to it and makes the command seem more friendly and make the other person more willing to do what they are asking. Text 5 is an advertisement on a leaflet to give information about swine flu. The advert states “Keep it safe” the imperative “keep” highlights to the audience that the information they are giving them is very important and can help people. This is backed up by the fact there is a information number on the leaflet so if it is kept safe then there is a contact number incase someone may need it. Text 6 is the last strong inclusion; it is the packaging of a Paracetomol packet. The advise on this packet say “Do not take with...” the company possibly chose the imperative “Do not” as they would not want to liable for any drugs misuse that might happen and by giving advise not to take the tablets with other medication they are warning their consumers of this possible health hazard.

Texts 3, 5 and 6 also share the feature of orthography. Text 5 uses orthography to grasp the eye of the reader so they understand the purpose, which the leaflet is trying to achieve. The title of the leaflet states “SWINE FLU INFORMATION” this may be the first thing the audience reads as it is in the prime position on the page as naturally we read from left to right starting from the top of the page, also the full capital letters enhance this title to the reader. The word “information” is in the colour blue to highlight it where as the rest is in white. This may be because the producer of this advert really wants to get people to read about this type of flu and gather information that may help them reduce their chances of catching it and maybe even help stop the spread of it. Text 6 uses the orthography of bold letters to emphasize their advise on what you “Do not take” their medicine with e.g. other medication. This is highlighted so the consumers understand that there are possible dangers of doing this and so the customer gets the best result from their product this could also help spread the name of their brand to peers of the consumer.

In this final group all texts 1, 3 and 5 have elements of the purpose to persuade their audience. Text 1 persuades the audience as the only words on the advert is “Think different” this may entice the audience to search up the company and look at the products they have to offer out of curiosity from the lack of information on their advert. Text 3 uses graphology to engage the audience to try and persuade them to watch their sports channel. Pictures of sports stars are used to interest the audience to see who they might be and what might be airing on their channel. The use of the second person personal pronoun “your” in the title “All your sports on here” makes the reader feel involved and part of this advertisement that would make them want to see if they do have the sports the reader personally would want to watch. Finally in Text 5 similarly to Text 3 because it uses second person personal pronouns to make the reader feel like they are being addressed. The leaflet states “…help you and your family” by addressing the audience this makes them feel like its their duty to read this as it might be able to help their loved ones health and well being, this could almost be seen as guilt tripping the audience to read the information they are providing to help protect themselves and others and persuade them to take action against this illness.

Grouping texts

In texts 1, 2, 3, and 4 they all share the common feature of imperatives to persuade the readers this is the either the primary or secondary purpose of all of these texts. Text 1 is a bank leaflet to advertise the Co-operative bank company and persuade the audience to use their own service. The leaflet states "please phone" This is a mitigated imperative as the initial imperative "phone" is softened by the politeness of the word "please" so the audience doesn't feel obliged to call but this is worded in a clever way as it almost guilt trips the audience into phoning them because of their kindness. This is a weak inclusion as the imperative is mitigated and has been softened and is not dominated by a strong command word. Text 2 is a strong inclusion, it is an Oasis drinks bottle label that brings the readers attention to the fact the drink has a sell by date, this is done by using the imperative "See the side of the cap" to persuade the reader to drink it because the product is best before this date. It also commands us to "Refrigerate after opening" again to persuade us that this product is best served chilled, this would possibly make the reader do this because they may feel as if the advise is from the drinks company so they would know what is best for their own product. Text 3 is a booklet that is given along with the toy the "Lettersaurus" when it is purchased. The booklet is given to promote the toy as well as to promote the brand of the toy, this is done by using the imperative "Roar, sing.....learn!" To show the appropriate audience that their child will have lots of fun and maybe even become slightly more educated from their product. These imperatives encourage the audience to share the name of their brand to peers that it could appeal to. The fourth and final strong inclusion is the packaging of a tablets giving medical advise to the user. The packaging uses the imperative "take two" to strongly persuade the user of their product to follow the medical advise as they probably wouldn't want to be liable for any drug mis-use as well as making sure they look out for their customers well being.

Twitter affordances and disadvantages

Twitter is a social media site where you are able to express your thoughts and feelings in 140 characters. This has the upper hand over facebook as you dont have to read long paragraphs of peoples life stories that they post, this is an advantage as you are able to see what people are getting up to by reading one sentence in roughly 10 seconds. Another affordance is if you have a well known account, through posting funny pictures or quotes you may be able to become a well known name and you can advertise a certain brand product through that account. For example one of my friends twitter accounts has over 10,000 followers therefore the nightclub ramshackle hired her to work for them and advertise their tickets through her account. This is a great affordance as the name of the night club will be spread to people who maybe haven't heard of it, as well as that the girls whose account it is gets paid a certain amount buy the company for every ticket that she can sell. These tickets would be sold by great advertisement non her behalf so she has to sound very friendly and enthusiastic whilst talking about that company.